Guided Reading Lesson 4 Life in the American Colonies Answer Key
Advisor: Kathleen A. Duval, Associate Professor of History, The University of Northward Carolina at Chapel Colina, National Humanities Center Fellow.
Copyright National Humanities Centre, 2011
Why did some European attempts to establish colonies in the New Globe succeed while most failed?
Understanding
Early European colonies in the New World succeeded only if local Indians immune them to and if they were lucky. When European settlers arrived in the New Globe, they oft placed their colonies amid people who had established complex webs of political relationships that included both alliances and rivalries. If Indians tolerated settlements they could easily have wiped out, they may accept washed so not because they were agape of the settlers or kindly disposed to them or militarily weak just rather considering they saw them equally useful adjuncts in their own internal power struggles.
Text
George Percy, Observations Gathered out of a Discourse of the Plantation of the Southern Colony in Virginia by the English language 
, 1608. (excerpts)
[Find more primary resources on successful European colonies in the New Earth American Beginnings: The European Presence in North America, 1492–1690.]
Text Type
Informational text with moderately complex purpose, text structure, and noesis demands, and very complex language features. Tier 2 vocabulary words are divers in pop-ups (full list at bottom of page). Tier 3 words are explained in brackets.
Text Complication
Grades eleven-CCR complexity band.
For more data on text complexity come across these resources from achievethecore.org.
Click here for standards and skills for this lesson.
X
Common Cadre State Standards
- ELA-LITERACY.RI.xi-12.one (Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly besides as inferences drawn from the text, including determining where the text leaves matters uncertain.)
- ELA-LITERACY.RI.eleven-12.10 (Read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades eleven-CCR text complexity band proficiently)
Advanced Placement United states History
- Key Concept 1.2 (IIIB) (…native people sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty…)
Instructor'southward Note
We do non know why the Indians of the Chesapeake, fierce protectors of their own territory, refrained from destroying the weak vulnerable English language outpost in its primeval days, specially since these same tribes wiped out the Spanish mission of Ajacán xxx-vii years earlier. (For a companion lesson run across Failed European Colonies in the New World.) The Indians left no written record of their experience with the settlers. However, we exercise take Percy'due south business relationship. If we proceed in listen the limitations of his understanding of Indian culture, his European biases, linguistic communication barriers, the unsafe situation the settlers were in, and the rivalries that apparently existed among the various tribes, we can, through conscientious and sensitive reading, go far at a plausible speculation: perhaps the Indians allowed Jamestown to survive considering the presence of the English provided advantages to some tribes — trade appurtenances, for case, or prestige — every bit they vied with others to gain power inside the Powhatan Confederation. This exercise in close reading volition allow students to be ethnohistorians, discerning the motives and actions of people who left no written evidence. Students may demand some pushing to get them to consider the Indian's indicate of view.
The first passage illustrates some of the ambitions of the Jamestown colony. The English language saw Spain both as an evil Catholic empire, reaping riches through roughshod treatment of Indians, and equally a model of how to collect the riches that the English wished for themselves. The settlers of Jamestown knew that they had chosen a spot non far from Castilian St. Augustine and inside the larger territory that Spain still claimed, although the peace that their new king, James I, had negotiated with Spain in 1604 meant they should be protected from Spanish attack.
The 2nd passage brings together all the references Percy makes to the Indians. Among other things, it introduces students to the discussions and debates that the Indians were having regarding what to practise about the English language. Of course, almost of these discussions took place when Percy was not present to record them, simply the disagreement suggested here between some of "the Savages" and their werowance can assist students imagine how those discussions might have gone. Some Indians were disturbed that the English language were "planting," in other words that they seemed to be intending to settle rather than but merchandise. One of the discussion questions asks students to think near the nature of the Powhatan Confederation, in which Powhatan required subordinate werowances to pay tribute to him. Might this political situation have led some to welcome the Virginians? Equally yous analyze this passage, pay attending to the rivalry between the Rapahanna and the Paspihe.
This lesson is divided into two parts, both accessible below. The teacher's guide includes a background note, the text analysis with responses to the close reading questions, access to the interactive exercises, and a follow-up assignment. The student's version, an interactive worksheet that can be due east-mailed, contains all of the in a higher place except the responses to the close reading questions, and the follow-up assignment.
Teacher's Guide (continues below)
| Educatee Version PDF (click to open)
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Instructor's Guide
Background
Contextualizing Questions
- What kind of text are nosotros dealing with?
- When was it written?
- Who wrote it?
- For what audience is information technology intended?
- For what purpose is it written?
These excerpts from Percy's Observations chronicles the first six months of Jamestown's beingness, from April to September, 1607, a period during which the colony survived only because the Indians allowed it to. Luck played its role in 1610, when all the remaining colonists, fleeing the utter failure of Jamestown in four small boats, encountered, at the oral cavity of the James River, a re-supply fleet headed their way. On board were iii hundred new settlers and a new governor, Lord De la Warr, who ordered the fleeing boats to turn around. With fresh manpower Jamestown began the slow painful procedure of establishing itself as a assisting agronomical colony.
At the time of Jamestown's founding George Percy was just i of several noblemen among the colonists. He later served as governor of the colony. The original manuscript of his Observations has been lost. It was published in 1625 as function of a larger drove of accounts of travel in the Americas. When analyzing whatsoever chief document, it is important to consider the writer'southward motives in writing it. Apparently, Percy wrote Observations simply to record his experience in Virginia. It seems to have been intended for readers interested simply in learning more virtually the fascinating "new world." What matters hither is what Percy was not doing: he was non trying to recruit settlers, nor was he trying to heighten money to back up Jamestown. How might these considerations shape our estimation of his Observations?
The Indians Percy and his boyfriend settlers encountered were well-organized politically under the leadership of Chief Powhatan. He commanded about thirty tribes, however each local tribe had its own master or werowance, who was subordinate to Powhatan and who had to pay him tribute. Percy and the settlers traveled from town to town coming together these chiefs. Like most seventeenth-century peoples, the Indians believed they were the middle of the world. To them, the English language newcomers were needy itinerants, not colonizers, and they expected to call the shots.
Text Analysis
Excerpts
Close Reading Questions
1. What do Percy's words here tell united states of america about English reasons for founding Jamestown?
The colonies has resources that would be useful to England, "the Land being so fruitful". It would have as well be "a great badgerer to our enemies," an annoyance to Spain, if England had been in that location during the war with Spain. And so it is a useful armed forces staging ground.
2. What exercise y'all recall he idea of the Spanish?
He saw the Castilian every bit rivals and enemies.
3. Judging from Percy's statement, what role do the Indians who inhabit the region play in the plans of the English?
The Indians have little role in the plans of the English. Percy does not mention them in the outset excerpt.
[I]f the beginners of this action [the Virginia Visitor] do carefully further [support] the states, the Country beingness so fruitful, it would be as great a profit to the Realm of England, every bit the Indies to the King of Spain. If this River which nosotros accept plant had been discovered in the time of war with Spain, it would have been a commodity [turn a profit] to our Realm, and a great annoyance to our enemies.
4. What does this passage tell us virtually how well the English understand the Indians?
The English little understood the Indian culture. They assumed the Indians were burning off a field for planting or signaling, which is what the English would do. They also did not understand how the Indians fought, at night.
five. Why would the English expect the Indians to attack them?
The Indians had attacked before.
Apr 1607 (shortly afterward arrival)
[1] At night, when we were going aboard, in that location came the Savages creeping upon all fours, from the Hills, like Bears, with their Bows in their mouths, [who] charged us very desperately in the faces, hurt Captain Gabriel Archer in both his easily, and a sailor in two places of the body very unsafe. After they had spent their Arrows, and felt the sharpness of our shot, they retired into the Woods with a great noise, and and then left u.s..
[2] We marched some iii or four miles further into the woods, where we saw great smokes of burn down. We marched to those smokes and establish that the Savages had been there called-for down the grass, equally nosotros thought either to make their plantation there [to clear the land for farming], or else to give signs to bring their forces.
[three] Thirtieth 24-hour interval, nosotros came with our ships to Greatcoat Comfort; where we saw five Savages running on the shore. Presently the Captain caused the shallop [pocket-size open up gunkhole] to be manned; so rowing to the shore, the Helm called to them in sign of friendship, but they were at first very timorous, until they saw the Helm lay his hand on his centre; upon that they laid down their Bows and Arrows, and came very boldly to u.s., making signs to come ashore to their Boondocks, which is called by the Savages Kecoughtan ["groovy town," commanded past a son of Powhatan]. We coasted to their Boondocks, rowing over a River running into the Main[state], where these Savages swam over with their Bows and Arrows in their mouths.
6. How might y'all business relationship for the hospitality shown the English by Powhatan'south son merely days after Indians attacked the settlers?
He might wish to find out more than about the whites — their intentions, strength, etc. He might also wish to open trade negotiations, or use his relationship with the whites as a sign of his strength within the Powhatan culture.
vii. How might the tribes in the Powhatan Confederation translate the fact that one of Powhatan's sons entertained the English?
The might retrieve that Powhatan's son was attempting to develop a diplomatic relationship with the English language.
8. What does this passage tell us about European perceptions of Indians and their agreement of Indian culture?
The Europeans believed that the Indians were feeding and entertaining them, "in welcome."
[4] When nosotros came over to the other side, at that place was a many of other Savages which directed the states to their Boondocks, where we were entertained by them very kindly. When we came kickoff a State they made a doleful noise, laying their faces to the ground, scratching the earth with their nails. We did think they had been at their Idolatry [worship]. When they had ended their Ceremonies, they went into their houses and brought out mats and laid upon the ground: the chiefest of them sat all in a rank; the meanest [lowest, poorest] sort brought united states such dainties as they had, and of their bread which they make of their Maize or Gennea [Guinea] wheat. They would not endure [allow] us to eat unless we sabbatum down, which nosotros did on a Mat correct against them. Later nosotros were well satisfied they gave u.s.a. of their Tobacco, which they took in a pipe made artificially of world as ours are, simply far bigger, with the bowl fashioned together with a piece of fine copper. Later they had feasted the states, they showed us, in welcome, their manner of dancing, which was in this fashion. One of the Savages standing in the midst singing, chirapsia one hand against another, all the residue dancing about him, shouting, howling, and stamping against the ground, with many Antic tricks and faces, making noise like and so many Wolves or Devils.
ix. What does the scene in the Paspihe village — an entertainment with "much welcome" interrupted past an "sometime Savage's" rant — advise about the Paspihe'southward response to the inflow of the English language? Compare the Paspihe's welcome with that which the English received in the village of Kecoughtan (encounter paragraphs iii and iv) and in the Raphanna village.
While the general tribe was welcoming, some of the older members were suspicious of the English.
10. What does the response of the Rapahanna's chief to the presence of the English amongst the Paspihe propose nearly relations between the two tribes?
It suggests that the two tribes were rivals.
11. Why might the Raphanna chief take been displeased that the English language visited the Paspihe village before visiting his?
He might have thought it would give the Paspihe village an reward over his own hamlet.
12. Why might it accept been advantageous to Powhatan to permit rivalries among the tribes in his confederation?
If there were rivalries among the tribes, no leader within a tribe could become strong plenty to challenge Powhatan.
May 1607
[5] The fourth solar day of May, we came to the Male monarch or Werowance of Paspihe [Paspahegh]: where they entertained us with much welcome. An sometime Savage made a long Oration, making a foul noise, uttering his speech with a vehement action, but we knew little what they meant. While we were in company with the Paspihes, the Werowance [leader] of Rapahanna came from the other side of the River in his Canoe. He seemed to take displeasure of our being with the Paspihes. He would fain [gladly] have had us to come to his Town. The Captain was unwilling. Seeing that the day was then far spent, he returned dorsum to his ships for that dark.
[six] The adjacent 24-hour interval, existence the 5th of May, the Werowance of Rapahanna sent a Messenger to have us come to him. We entertained the said Messenger, and gave him trifles [trinkets] which pleased him. We manned our shallop with Muskets and Targatiers [foot soldiers armed with shields] sufficiently: this said Messenger guided us where our determination was to become. When we landed, the Werowance of Rapahanna came downward to the water side with all his railroad train [followers]… playing on a Flute made of a Reed…. He entertained us in and then modest a proud style, every bit though he had been a Prince of civil authorities, property his eyebrow [keeping his begetting] without laughter or whatever such ill behavior.
thirteen. Why, later on some Indians entertained the English cordially, would the Apamatica face them "in a most warlike manner"?
They may have seen the English as enemies, aligned with a rival tribe.
xiv. What do the Apamatica demand of the English language?
He wanted to know why they were there, and told them to leave, "willing us to be gone."
xv. What might the English have signaled through their "signs of peace" that convinced the Apamatica to let them country?
They may have displayed trinkets or other things to merchandise. An before tribe (encounter paragraph iii) had responded to the Captain "lay his hand on his heart," and he may have done this.
[seven] The eighth day of May we discovered [explored] up the River. Nosotros landed in the Country of Apamatica. At our landing, there came many stout and able Savages to resist us with their Bows and Arrows, in a most warlike manner, with the swords at their backs aggress with precipitous stones, and pieces of iron able to cleave a man in sunder [cut a human being in two]. Amongst the rest one of the chiefest, standing before them cross-legged, with his Arrow set in his Bow in one hand, and taking a Pipe of Tobacco in the other, with a bold uttering of his oral communication, demanded of u.s.a. our being there, willing united states of america to be gone. We made signs of peace, which they perceived in the terminate, and let us state in quietness.
16. How might the establishment of Jamestown in the Pasphie's country affect that tribe'due south attitude toward the English?
They may accept been suspicious of the English language'due south intent to permanently settle.
17. What does the "alarm" suggest about the Indian's approach to the English language settlement?
The English felt threatened by the Indian's approach.
[viii] The thirteenth solar day, we came to our seating place [Jamestown] in Paspihas State, some 8 miles from the signal of Land, which I made mention before: where our ships do prevarication so near the shore that they are moored to the Trees in half-dozen fathom water.
[9] The first night of our landing, most midnight, there came some Savages sailing close to our quarter. Before long in that location was an alarm given; upon that the Savages ran abroad, and we [were] not troubled any more by them that night. Non long later on in that location came two Savages that seemed to exist Commanders, bravely dressed, with Crowns of colored hair upon their heads, he came as Messengers from the Werowance of Paspihae, telling u.s.a. that their Werowance was coming and would be merry with us with a fatty Deer.
18. How practise these encounters with the Paspihae differ from the earlier "entertainment" the Paspihae provided the settlers? (See paragraph v.) What might account for the difference?
These encounters are much more adversarial. The Paspihae may take realized that the English language intended to stay.
nineteen. How exercise these encounters with the Paspihae differ from the settlers' encounters with the Rapahanna? (See paragraph 6.) What might account for the difference?
These encounters with the Paspihae reflect the war-like defensive poster of the Paspihae. The encourter with the Rapahanna reflected more a diplomatic trade meeting.
20. Why might the English language doubtable villainy on the part of the Paspihae?
Since they had been attacked earlier they were suspicious. They feared that the Paspihae would remain in their fort overnight and set on them from inside.
21. Why might the Paspihae werowance offer the English language as much state as they wanted? Tin nosotros be sure that he actually made that offering?
He used the offer of country equally a stall tactic. He probably did non make the offer in the sense that the English understood the offer.
22. Why would an Indian be interested in stealing a hatchet? What might the hatchet represent?
A hatchet represents a warrior. By stealing the hatchet the Indian would remind the English that the Paspihae were the superior warriors.
[10] The eighteenth day, the Werowance of Paspihae came himself to our quarter, with one hundred Savages armed, who guarded him in a very warlike style with Bows and Arrows, thinking at that time to execute their villainy [make their deceitful assail]. Paspihae made groovy signs to usa to lay our Artillery away. Merely we would not trust him so far. He seeing he could not take convenient time to work his will, at length made signs that he would give u.s.a. every bit much land as we would desire to take. Equally the Savages were in a throng in the Fort, one of them stole a Hatchet from one of our company, which spied [noticed] him doing the deed: whereupon he took information technology from him by strength, and too struck him over the arm. Soon another Savage seeing that, came fiercely at our human with a wooden sword, thinking to crush out his brains. The Werowance of Paspiha saw u.s.a. accept to our Artillery, went all of a sudden away with all his company in great acrimony.
[eleven] The twentieth twenty-four hour period of Werowance of Paspiha sent xl of his men with a Deer, to our quarter: only they came more in villainy than any love they bare us. They faine would take lain in our Fort all nighttime, but we would not endure them for fear of their treachery.
23. How do you lot call up the Indians might take interpreted the English cross planting ceremony?
They would have been suspicious or curious.
24. What implications does the ceremony hold for the Indians?
It represents the English's attempt to Christianize them and change the Indian culture.
25. Why might it have mattered to the Indians that the helm went onshore alone?
Information technology did not represent an attack — it was only one homo — so it was probably more a diplomatic effort.
26. How valuable would the gift of the hatchet be to the chief? What might it suggest to him about the English and the potential of an alliance with them?
He received it "joyfully." Information technology was valuable for what it represented, a possible mutual military or trading alliance.
27. What reasons might local tribes in the Powhatan Confederation have had for befriending the English? Might they be seeking allies? Why would they need allies?
They would be seeking allies against rival tribes. Allies would be useful for military or trading purposes.
28. Why would local Indians be concerned that the English language were planting?
Information technology implies a permanence also as exclusive employ of the land. It would reduce the territory under the Paspihae' straight command.
29. What does the werowance's answer tell yous well-nigh debates that were going on amidst the Indians who met the English?
Debates include what strength the English may use, their military strength, and their purpose — why they are there.
thirty. How does the werowance's characterization of the site of Jamestown every bit "waste material ground" reverberate upon the Paspihae'southward offering to give them equally much as they desire?
As long as the English do not ask for annihilation valuable or pose a chance, the Paspihae can be all-around.
[12] The four and twentieth day we set a Cross at the head of this River, naming it Kings River, where we proclaimed James Male monarch of England to have the virtually correct to it. When nosotros had finished and set up our Cross, we shipped our men and made for James Fort. By the way, nosotros came to Pohatan's Towre [sic], where the Helm went on shore suffering none to go with him. He presented the Commander of this place, with a Hatchet which he took joyfully, and was well pleased.
[13] Merely still the Savages murmured at our planting in the Country, whereupon this Werowance made answer once more very wisely of a Fell, Why should you lot exist offended with them as long as they injure you not, nor take any thing away past force. They take but a little waste product ground, which does you lot nor whatsoever of us any adept.
Virginia / discovered and discribed by Captayn John Smith, 1606 (detail)
31. Compare the Englishmen's relationship with the Rappahanna to their relationship with the Pasphie.
Rappahanna focused upon establishing a friendship with the English. The human relationship with the Paspihae was more complicated and involved military elements. Since the English language settled in Paspihae territory their human relationship was more direct.
June/July 1607
[14] The 7 and twentieth of July, the King of Rappahanna demanded a Canoe, which was restored [given], lifted upward his hand to the Dominicus (which they worship as their God), likewise he laid his mitt on his heart, that he would be our special friend. It is a general dominion of these people, when they swear by their God which is the Sun, no Christian will keep their Oath amend upon this promise.
32. Percy believed that the Indians spared Jamestown because God put a terror into their hearts. What other reasons might they have had?
The English settlement could represent a balance confronting other tribes. They could exist a trading partner or a military buffer.
33. Would you have predicted in 1607 that Jamestown would be a success?
Answers will vary. Probably not, as the settlers were starving and knew little of the environment in which they institute themselves. The Natives were a major determining cistron in their survival.
34. At several points, the colony almost failed, whether because of starvation or sporadic war with the Indians. But ships with nutrient and settlers arrived each time the colony was nearly empty, and over fourth dimension diseases that were previously unknown in the Americas dramatically decreased the Indian population. Jamestown was somewhen abandoned, just the colony of Virginia thrived with the adoption of tobacco agronomics and slavery. Why, on the whole, did Virginia survive?
The English settlers were able to manipulate the environs and adjust to it for their ain benefit.
35. Would you call Jamestown a successful colony? Why or why not?
Answers will vary.
August/September 1607
[15] It pleased God, after a while, to send those people which were our mortal enemies to relieve us with victuals, as Breadstuff, Corn, Fish, and Flesh [meat] in great plenty, which was the setting upwards of our feeble men, otherwise we had all perished. Also we were frequented by divers [visited by many] Kings in the Country, bringing us store of provision to our groovy comfort.
Follow-Upwards Assignment
"Early on European colonies in the New World succeeded only if local Indians allowed them to and if they were lucky," asserts Professor Duval in the understanding for this lesson. To examine her premise, read the personal accounts beneath relating the early months of the commencement three successful British colonies: Jamestown, Plymouth, and Massachusetts Bay. Using the graphic organizer, cite evidence from the accounts that reveal how luck, and the Indians' attitude toward the colonists, influenced the colonies' survival.
JAMESTOWN, founded 1607
Text: George Percy, Observations Gathered out of a Discourse of the Plantation of the Southern Colony in Virginia by the English, 1608 (excerpts).PLYMOUTH, founded 1620
Text: William Bradfod, History of Plymouth Plantation, 1656 (excerpts).MASSACHUSETTS BAY, founded 1630
Text: Memoir of Roger Clap, ca. 1680s (excerpts).
For more primary resources on early New Globe colonies, come across the primary source drove American Beginnings: The European Presence in North America, 1492-1690, from the National Humanities Heart.
Vocabulary Popular-Ups
- timorous : fearful, shy
- doleful : deplorable, mournful
- vehement : intense, passionate
- treachery : betrayal, disloyalty
Image: John Smith, Virginia / discovered and discribed by Captayn John Smith, 1606, map, London, 1624 (detail). Library of Congress, Geography & Map Division, Call No. G3880 1624. S541 Vault. Courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Source: https://americainclass.org/successful-european-colonies-in-the-new-world/
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